MEANING: Brainy one
PERIOD: Late Cretaceous
CONTINENT: Asia
Tarchia is an ankylosaurid dinosaur from Mongolia. A medium-sized ankylosaur, it measured around 6 m long and weighed about 2.5 t. Tarchia had a broad, low-slung body, positioned on strong short legs. The body would have been protected by skin ossifications, and it probably had a bony tail club, for active defense against predators. Like other Mongolian ankylosaurines, Tarchia was herbivorous and a low-level bulk feeder, based on its broad muzzle. Ankylosaurids living in dry environments such as Tarchia may have relied more on hindgut fermentation for digestion or, alternatively, consumed succulent plants that did not require complex chewing.
Tarchia is from the Cretaceous. The Cretaceous is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago. It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, as well as the longest. At around 79 million years, it is the longest geological period of the entire Phanerozoic. The name is derived from the Latin creta, "chalk", which is abundant in the latter half of the period.
The Cretaceous was a period with a relatively warm climate, resulting in high eustatic sea levels that created numerous shallow inland seas. These oceans and seas were populated with now-extinct flora and fauna, while dinosaurs continued to dominate on land. The world was ice free, and forests extended to the poles. During this time, new groups of mammals and birds appeared. During the Early Cretaceous, flowering plants appeared and began to rapidly diversify, becoming the dominant group of plants across the Earth by the end of the Cretaceous, coincident with the decline and extinction of previously widespread gymnosperm groups.
The Cretaceous (along with the Mesozoic) ended with the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, a large mass extinction in which many groups, including non-avian dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and large marine reptiles, died out. The end of the Cretaceous is defined by the abrupt Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (K–Pg boundary), a geologic signature associated with the mass extinction that lies between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras.
Tarchia is an ankylosaur. Ankylosauria is a group of herbivorous dinosaurs, most of which have armor in the form of bony osteoderms covering their bodies. They were bulky quadrupeds, with short, powerful limbs. Ankylosaurs first appeared in the Middle Jurassic, and persisted until the end of the Cretaceous Period. They are primarily known from the Northern Hemisphere, but some basal members are known from southern Gondwana during the Cretaceous.
Along with the stegosaurs, ankylosaurs are part of the group Thyreophora, known for their various combinations of armor and spikes. The two main families of ankylosaurs are Ankylosauridae, which are known for having large clubs on the ends of their tails, and Nodosauridae, which do not.